A Silicosis Surge: Rethinking Engineered Countertops
Grinders’ asthma. Stonecutters’ consumption. Potters’ rot. Silicosis.
Lung disease from breathing in dust is one of the oldest and most lethal occupational hazards for people working in the building trades. According to a “A Short History of Occupational Disease,” an article published by the Ulster Medical Society in 2021, evidence of silicosis dates back to antiquity.
In the centuries since, silicosis has flared up in industries around the world. But a recent epidemic tied to engineered stone seems to suggest that this human-made material carries unique risks due to its unique properties.
The disease began popping up within the last decade in people who fabricate (processes include cutting, grinding, drilling, and polishing) and install engineered stone countertops in countries including Spain, Israel, Australia, and the United States. The incidence of cases—and deaths—among engineered stone workers in the U.S. has risen sharply, with the highest concentration occurring in California among young Latino men.
In response, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) launched an initiative in September 2023 to improve oversight of the quartz’s fabrication and installation. Two months later, Australia voted to ban the use, supply, and manufacture of engineered stone (the law takes effect in July 2024), and the State of California approved an emergency temporary safety standard targeting the industry. Los Angeles County, which is experiencing the highest concentration of silicosis cases in California, is considering a ban on engineered stone.
So what’s going on with silicosis and engineered stone? What do project teams, contractors and consumers need to know before specifying and installing it?
What is the Hazard Communication Standard
The Hazard Communication Standard aims to enhance worker and first responder safety by improving label information and safety data sheets. It becomes effective in July of 2024, following the seventh version of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. The update will enhance small package labels for clarity and require changes to prevent trade secrets from blocking essential hazard details for workers and first responders on safety data sheets.
Recent research (and the sudden increase in silicosis cases among stone workers) indicates that exposure to silica dust from engineered stone is more hazardous and can lead to accelerated development of silicosis. Although Cal/OSHA notes that there is evidence suggesting accelerated silicosis cases can occur from natural stone under certain circumstances as well, there’s currently a case to be made that engineered stone comes with unique hazards.
The dust from engineered stone is likely more hazardous than that from natural stone.
Industry compliance with silica safety regulations is low, regardless of the material being processed.
Many fabricators and installers are Latino immigrants, many of whom lack access to insurance, healthcare, workers’ compensation, and whistle-blower protections.
Any real solution will require an equally complex, nuanced approach—one that’s also enforceable.
So what should Architects, Designers and Consumers do?
As with everything, seek transparency in the supply chain. Find out if fabricators comply with OSHA’s regulations and requirements.
Consider other materials for your Countertop
Encouraging consumers to purchase granite, marble, wood, porcelain, or concrete countertops instead of engineered stone is one way.
If you're looking for luxury kitchen countertop alternatives that are safer and still hold up to heavy use, here are some options:
Granite: Durable and heat-resistant, granite countertops are a popular choice for luxury kitchens. They are natural stone, which minimizes concerns related to synthetic materials.
Marble: Known for its elegance and classic beauty, marble is another natural stone that can withstand heavy use. It does require regular maintenance to prevent staining and etching.
Soapstone: Soapstone is a natural stone that's highly resistant to stains, heat, and acids. It has a unique, smooth feel and darkens over time, adding to its character.
Quartzite: Unlike engineered quartz, quartzite is a natural stone that's very hard and durable. It's resistant to heat and scratches, making it a great alternative for heavy-use kitchens.
Solid Surface (e.g., Corian): These countertops are made from a blend of acrylic and natural minerals, providing a non-porous and easy-to-clean surface. They are also customizable in terms of color and design.
Stainless Steel: Often used in professional kitchens, stainless steel countertops are highly durable, heat-resistant, and easy to clean. They provide a sleek, modern look.
Concrete: Customizable in terms of color and texture, concrete countertops are very durable and can be sealed to prevent staining and water damage. They also offer a unique, industrial aesthetic.
Butcher Block: Made from wood, butcher block countertops provide a warm and natural look. They are durable and can be sanded and resealed to maintain their appearance, but they do require more maintenance to prevent water damage and staining.
Porcelain: the latest craze in countertop material, porcelain is beautiful and has a translucent nature. It is scratch, heat, stain and impact resistant and comes in a variety of designs and colors and is UV resistant. It’s easy to clean, is eco- friendly and easy to recycle. However, Porcelain can be as expensive as Quartz and sometimes the edges can chip easily due to its “thinner” nature.
Each of these materials has its pros and cons, so consider factors like maintenance, aesthetics, and your specific kitchen needs when making a decision on a healthier counter-top than quartz.
